Remember Poonam Pandey? In February 2024, she shocked India by faking her death on Instagram. Her post mentioned that she had “bravely fought the disease,” evoking widespread sympathy. The following day, she revealed she was alive and healthy, aiming to raise awareness about cervical cancer.
January marks Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, dedicated to spreading knowledge, promoting prevention, and encouraging early detection of one of the most preventable cancers. This month provides an opportunity to inform people about cervical cancer and the steps they can take to reduce their risk and stay healthy.
Statistics
Number of Cases:
In 2023, the National Cancer Registry Programme (ICMR-NCRP) estimated over 3.4 lakh cases of cervical cancer in India.
Mortality Rate:
Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among Indian women, with 75,000 deaths annually.
Survival Rate:
The 5-year relative survival rate in India is 46%, varying by the stage of diagnosis—7.4% for advanced-stage disease versus 73.2% for localized cancer.
Understanding Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer begins in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. It develops gradually, often starting with abnormal cervical cells due to persistent HPV infection. While most HPV infections are naturally cleared by the immune system, some strains persist and may lead to precancerous changes and, if untreated, cancer.
Prevention: Vaccination and Lifestyle Choices
Cervical cancer is largely preventable through HPV vaccination, regular screenings, and healthy lifestyle choices.
HPV Vaccine:
- Target Age Group: Most effective when given between ages 9 and 14, ideally before sexual activity begins. Recommended for both girls and boys.
- Catch-Up Vaccination: Women up to age 45 can still benefit, though effectiveness decreases after HPV exposure. The vaccine covers high-risk HPV types linked to cervical cancer.
Lifestyle Choices:
- Avoid Tobacco: Smoking damages cervical cells and weakens the immune system.
- Practice Safe Sex: Barrier methods, like condoms, reduce HPV transmission risk.
- Maintain Hygiene: Good hygiene lowers the likelihood of infections that may increase HPV risks.
Early Detection: The Power of Screening
Cervical cancer’s slow progression allows for early detection and treatment, improving outcomes significantly.
Screening Tests:
- Pap Smear: Detects precancerous changes. Recommended every three years for women aged 21–65.
- HPV DNA Test: Identifies high-risk HPV strains. Women aged 30+ should combine this test with a Pap smear every five years for more comprehensive screening.
Even vaccinated women should continue regular screenings, as the vaccine doesn’t cover all HPV strains.
Recognizing Symptoms
Early-stage cervical cancer is usually asymptomatic, making screenings crucial. Advanced symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, unusual discharge, and pelvic pain.
This month, let’s promote HPV vaccination, encourage regular screenings, and spread awareness about symptoms, risk factors, and early detection’s importance.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Abnormalities detected during screenings may require further tests like colposcopy, biopsy, and imaging. Treatment depends on the stage and overall health, including:
- Surgery: Often used for early-stage cancer to remove the tumor or the cervix and uterus.
- Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy: Alone or combined to target cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy: Enhances the immune system to fight advanced cancer.
Myths and Facts about Cervical Cancer
- Myth: Only women with multiple partners get cervical cancer.
Fact: Anyone sexually active is at risk, even with one partner. - Myth: Cervical cancer is always fatal.
Fact: Early detection significantly increases the survival rate. - Myth: The HPV vaccine is only for young girls.
Fact: It’s recommended for both sexes and effective for older individuals too.
Conclusion
Cervical cancer is preventable, treatable, and curable with early detection. Prioritize regular screenings, vaccination, and healthy lifestyle choices. Let this month be a call to action—get screened, stay informed, and spread the message of prevention and early detection.
By Dr Nirza Saikia
Dr Nirza Saikia, Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, current working at Digboi Civil hospital. Also a Rotarian, she has served as Secretary and Editor Editor. Her areas of interest are ensuring health care facilities in remote areas, writing, and traveling. She can be contacted at nirzasaikia@gmail.com
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